Western Balkans Between Academic Mobility, Brain Gain, and Circular Migration

Abstract

Migration due to conflicts, economic challenges, and long transition has influenced demographic changes in Kosovo and other countries of the Western Balkans. In recent years, there has also been an increasing trend of migration of the qualified labour force from the Western Balkans to EU countries. The objective of this study is to explore the connection between academic exchange, circular migration, and subsequent migration, and to examine brain drain as a consequence of this phenomenon. The specific focus will also be on circular migration driven by EU exchange programs and other forms of academic mobility. Research methods: this paper will be focused on Kosovo; therefore, for the research analysis, the qualitative research methods will be applied, including interviews with respondents in Kosovo (n-5), analysing five variables, such as family, cultural identity, affiliation, social affirmation, and finally, institutional barriers for integration in foreign countries. Results: findings indicated that family ties, career opportunities, and social recognition are the most significant factors that influence the return of people from abroad after their educational activities abroad. In addition, other factors, such as cultural identity and barriers abroad, are estimated to be less important. Conclusions: Kosovo is facing double challenges. First, from one point of view, academic exchange at EU universities and other mobility, apart from its positive impact, have increased the probability of brain drain, as well as of circular migration. From another perspective, the country's low economic development and high unemployment have increased the likelihood that local experts and professionals will seek opportunities abroad.